Buitenplaatslandschappen in Gelderland: Interventies van overheden in verleden en heden

The Province of Gelderland has long boasted a large number of country houses and landed estates, which over time coalesced into estate landscapes around the historical capitals of the Duchy of Guelders quarters of Nijmegen, Arnhem and Zutphen. Rapidly increasing urbanization from the end of the nineteenth century onwards threatened the coherence and accessibility of these landscapes. Gelderland’s largest cities, Arnhem and Nijmegen, watched in dismay as many country houses and landed estates fell victim to subdivision and development. In response they started to buy up portions of that estate landscape to ensure that they would remain available to city dwellers. In addition, the ‘safety net’ provided by newly established nature and landscape organizations, in particular Natuurmonumenten and Geldersch Landschap & Kasteelen, also contributed to preservation and permanent accessibility by offering landed families the opportunity to keep their estate intact, albeit no longer under their ownership. Similar motives – the need to preserve attractive, accessible walking areas for the increasingly urbanized society – underpinned the government’s introduction of the Nature Conservation Act in 1928. The Act was invoked more frequently in Gelderland than in any other province. It promoted the opening up of private properties as well as the preservation of the cultural value of the kind of ‘natural beauty’ to be found on landed estates. After the Second World War, in addition to resorting to the Nature Conservation Act, the owners of country houses and landed estates could avail themselves of an increasing variety of grants aimed at preserving (publicly accessible) nature, landscape and heritage, although the emphasis was firmly on nature. Estate landscapes like the Veluwezoom and the County of Zutphen were eventually safeguarded by a patchwork of different government regulations. In the twenty-first century, government policy shifted towards providing financial support for both public and private contributions to nature, landscape and heritage by country houses and landed estates. This in turn has stimulated interest in estate landscapes. Instead of individual heritage-listed estates, the focus is now on areas with multiple country house and landed estates where there are spatial tasks waiting to be fulfilled: not just the preservation of natural beauty for outdoor recreation, but also spatial articulation, climate change adaptation, increased biodiversity and sustainable agriculture. Interest in design, both past and present, has burgeoned thanks to this development.De provincie Gelderland (NL) is van oudsher een provincie met een groot aantal buitenplaatsen en landgoederen, die zich bij de oude hoofdsteden van de Gelderse kwartieren Nijmegen, Arnhem en Zutphen tot buitenplaatslandschappen aan elkaar regen. De verstedelijking die vanaf het eind van de negentiende eeuw sterk toenam, bedreigde de samenhang en toegankelijkheid van deze landschappen. De grootste Gelderse steden Arnhem en Nijmegen constateerden tot hun spijt hoe door opdeling en bebouwing veel buitenplaatsen en landgoederen teloorgingen. Ze verwierven daarom delen van het buitenplaatsenlandschap, zodat die beschikbaar bleven voor de stedeling. Ook het ‘vangnet’ dat geboden werd door nieuw opgerichte natuur- en landschapsorganisaties, met name Natuurmonumenten en Geldersch Landschap & Kasteelen, heeft geleid tot behoud en blijvende openstelling. Dit vangnet bood families een mogelijkheid om het landgoed onverdeeld te laten voortbestaan, hoewel niet onder hun eigendom. Uit vergelijkbare motieven – het belang van behoud van aantrekkelijke toegankelijke wandelgebieden voor de verstedelijkende samenleving – stelde het Rijk in 1928 de Natuurschoonwet in werking. Deze werd in Gelderland meer dan in enig andere provincie toegepast. De wet bevorderde de openstelling van particulier bezit sterk, evenals behoud van de culturele waarde van ‘natuurschoon’ zoals die op landgoederen voorkomt. Na de oorlog konden buitenplaatsen en landgoederen niet alleen gebruikmaken van de Natuurschoonwet, maar ook van een steeds verder vertakkend subsidienetwerk voor de instandhouding van (openbaar toegankelijke) natuur, landschap en erfgoed. Natuur kreeg een sterk accent. Buitenplaatslandschappen zoals de Veluwezoom en de Graafschap bij Zutphen kwamen onder een lappendeken van verschillende overheidsregelingen te liggen. In de eenentwintigste eeuw verschoof de benadering van overheden naar de betaling van de prestaties die, al dan niet particuliere, buitenplaatsen en landgoederen leveren voor natuur, landschap en erfgoed. Daarmee is de aandacht voor de buitenplaatslandschappen gegroeid. Het gaat immers niet om dat ene monumentale landgoed, maar om het gebied met buitenplaatsen en landgoederen waar ruimtelijke opgaven te vervullen zijn. Niet alleen het behoud van natuurschoon omwille van de openluchtrecreatie, maar ook ruimtelijke geleding, het bijdragen aan klimaatadaptatie, het verhoging van de biodiversiteit en duurzame landbouw. De aandacht voor ontwerp, zowel uit het verleden als hedendaags, nam door deze ontwikkeling sterk toe

Near ambient pressure-x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra of lithium bis (trifluoromethane-sulfonyl) imide in propylene carbonate

Near ambient pressure-x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at greater than 5000 Pa. NAP-XPS can probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show the survey, Li 1s, S 2p, C 1s, N 1s, O 1s, and F 1s NAP-XPS spectra of a Li-based electrolyte solution, which is a material that would be difficult to analyze by conventional XPS. The measurements were performed at 200 Pa in ambient gas atmosphere to compensate for surface charging. Peak fits of the C 1s, O 1s, and F 1s narrow scans are presented

Entrepreneurial search dynamics: reflection paper

The intended objectives of Smartspec Work Package 1 are firstly to identify related variety and value chain components within EU regions to inform specialisation choices and secondly, to identify the role of organisations and their interaction for the development of entrepreneurial discovery and to assess the role of network connectivity in facilitating intra- and extra-regional asset combination. In order to examine the various questions regarding the network and institutional factors enhancing or mitigating entrepreneurial search processes, in this work package we employ a twin-track multimethodology approach comprised of two parallel streams of enquiry, one of which is primarily empirical and quantitative in nature, and one of which is rather more conceptual and qualitative in nature. Each of these parallel streams of work is designed to progress and develop alongside the other, with various junctures built into the programme for mutual reflection and cross-fertilisation of ideas

Lessons Learned Developing an Extension-Based Training Program for Farm Labor Supervisors

This article outlines a four-step model for developing a training program for farm labor supervisors. The model draws on key lessons learned during the development of the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Farm Labor Supervisor Training program. The program is designed to educate farm supervisors on farm labor laws and to support compliance with workplace regulations critical for the safety of farmworkers and the economic sustainability of agricultural industries. Attentive to building partnerships, assessing needs, tailoring the curriculum, and conducting evaluations, the model can be applied elsewhere to address the farm labor issues confronted by specialty crop growers in other states

Entrepreneurial search dynamics: reflection paper

The intended objectives of Smartspec Work Package 1 are firstly to identify related variety and value chain components within EU regions to inform specialisation choices and secondly, to identify the role of organisations and their interaction for the development of entrepreneurial discovery and to assess the role of network connectivity in facilitating intra- and extra-regional asset combination. In order to examine the various questions regarding the network and institutional factors enhancing or mitigating entrepreneurial search processes, in this work package we employ a twin-track multimethodology approach comprised of two parallel streams of enquiry, one of which is primarily empirical and quantitative in nature, and one of which is rather more conceptual and qualitative in nature. Each of these parallel streams of work is designed to progress and develop alongside the other, with various junctures built into the programme for mutual reflection and cross-fertilisation of ideas

Entrepreneurial search dynamics

The intended objectives of Smartspec Work Package 1 are firstly to identify related variety and value chain components within EU regions to inform specialisation choices and secondly, to identify the role of organisations and their interaction for the development of entrepreneurial discovery and to assess the role of network connectivity in facilitating intra- and extra-regional asset combination. In order to examine the various questions regarding the network and institutional factors enhancing or mitigating entrepreneurial search processes, in this work package we employ a twin-track multimethodology approach comprised of two parallel streams of enquiry, one of which is primarily empirical and quantitative in nature, and one of which is rather more conceptual and qualitative in nature. Each of these parallel streams of work is designed to progress and develop alongside the other, with various junctures built into the programme for mutual reflection and cross-fertilisation of ideas